We consider whether current notions about superstring theory below the Planck scale are compatible with cosmology. We find that the anticipated form for the dilaton interaction creates a serious roadblock for inflation and makes it unlikely that the universe ever reaches a state with zero cosmological constant and time-independent gravitational constant. Superstring theories have been extensive...

The disease environment in general, and malaria in particular, could help explain underdevelopment in many regions of the world, especially in Africa. Using data from Ethiopia, this paper provides evidence that local malaria risk is associated with worse local development outcomes. By combining information from a large-scale Ethiopian household survey with satellite-derived topographical inform...

Activities of excavating coal exscind natural vegetation and deposit stone on the natural land that modified the natural land contribute to waste farmlands. Additionally, pollution of environment, losses of human life, human settlements and the infrastructure are also rising, which certainly demands urgent attention. Revegetation had been considered as a kind of cost-effective means. A reasonab...