In-stadium spectators affect the emotional value and atmosphere of sport live broadcasts. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, in Europe, presence in-stadium spectators, however, was suspended until further notice. Conceptualizing professional clubs as economic platforms, network effects due lack may stakeholders’ utility. Thus, main aims this study are examine influence missing for by investigating on (1...

Today, the sport of ice hockey in North America is dominated by its premier circuit, the National Hockey League (N.H.L.). However, at the beginning of this century, the sport had only begun its transformation into a commercially driven spectacle, which, according to Gruneau and Whitson, now sells everything from beer to national identity. Emerging during a period of rapid urbanization and indus...

Football is the most popular sport in the world as well as in Iran. This popularity and high revenue depend on spectators' attendance at stadiums. Iranian Football Pro-League has a low number of spectators per match as well as low revenue in the match day when compared to some countries with the same league. Moreover, a high percentage of football spectators in Iran are below 25 years old, but ...

The outbreak of COVID-19 in March 2020 led to a shutdown economic activities Europe. This included the sports sector since public gatherings were prohibited. German Bundesliga was among first sport leagues realizing restart without spectators. Several recent studies suggest that home advantage teams eroded for remaining matches. Our paper analyses reaction by bookmakers disappearance such advan...

Abuse of hormones by sportsmen or sportswomen might lead to some serious health consequences for the individual user. Such abuse also damages the very spirit of sport, cheating fellow athletes, the officials and spectators. Where hormone findings cause most controversy is with endogenously produced substances. Some hormone findings might be indicators of a medical condition, and it requires sen...

Abstract Sports spectators are one of the factors that affect home advantage. The outbreak COVID-19 pandemic created unique conditions under which most leagues in world played matches without crowds for over six months. This situation facilitated an analytical comparison two different periods: before and during coronavirus pandemic. current study sought to examine advantage Israeli sport domain...

The goal of this qualitative review was to analyze the state of the bibliography about rule modification in sport. In the literature reviewed, there are few studies of rule modification and related aspects. Most studies omit mentioning the purpose of the modifications, but they do refer to the goals of their analysis (improving players' performance, attracting spectators and athletes, attending...