Abstraction is a powerful technique in search and plan-ion is a powerful technique in search and planning. A fundamental problem of abstraction is that it can create spurious paths, i.e., abstract paths that do not correspond to valid concrete paths. In this paper, we define spurious paths as a generalization of spurious states. We show that spurious paths can be categorized into two types: sta...

classical explicit finite difference schemes are unsuitable for the solution of the famous black-scholes partial differential equation, since they impose severe restrictions on the time step. furthermore, they may produce spurious oscillations in the solution. we propose a new scheme that is free of spurious oscillations and guarantees the positivity of the solution for arbitrary stepsizes. the...

Despite the growing recognition among researchers of the potentially important role that interpersonal affect plays in performance appraisals, it is not clear whether the effect of interpersonal affect is real or attributable to unobserved ratee characteristics. Using a fixed effects model, I find that the effect of interpersonal affect on ratings is significant and independent of unobserved ra...