the purpose of this study was to investigate the motives of fans who attended azadi stadium to watch iran and uae football match held in june 2009. based on a review of the current literature, nine motives were identified and a scale was developed to measure these motives. validity of the questionnaire was verified by experts and reliability was estimated as 0.81 by cronbach's alpha. the n...

A "no smoking" policy as part of Rookvrije Voetbalstadions or Smoke-free Football Stadiums Campaign will be applied in all soccer stadiums below the Eredivisie and Keuken Kampioen Divisie starting season 2020/2021. As one those stadiums, FC Twente has several problems realizing policy. First is online issue; lack media a source information knowledge. Second offline issues; no sign inside stadiu...

COVID-19 outbreak has forced sport spectators to keep social distancing in the stadium/arena, causing economic damage organizations due a lack of matchday revenue. However, situation would arouse spectators' nostalgia for their past experiences sporting venue. Thus, purpose this study was clarify whether spectating stadium/arena during pandemic differed by involvement spectatorship. In December...

Football is the most popular sport in the world as well as in Iran. This popularity and high revenue depend on spectators' attendance at stadiums. Iranian Football Pro-League has a low number of spectators per match as well as low revenue in the match day when compared to some countries with the same league. Moreover, a high percentage of football spectators in Iran are below 25 years old, but ...