Background: Ketamine is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic which produces dissociation anesthesia, analgesia, and amnesia. The mechanism of ketamine-induced synaptic inhibition in high-level cortical areas is still unknown. We aimed to elucidate the effects of different concentrations of ketamine on the glutamatergic synaptic transmission of the neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex b...

We investigated the Ca channel-synaptic vesicle topography at the inhibitor of the crayfish (Procambarus Clarkii) Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) by analyzing the effect of different modes of Ca channel block on transmitter release. Initial identification of Ca channels revealed the presence of two classes, Pand non-P-type, with P-type channels governing ~70% of the total Ca influx. The remaining ...

A mediator (synaptic transmitter, neurotransmitter) is a physiologically active substance found in nerve cell bound form, which secreted from an excited ending into the synaptic cleft and specifically acts on receptors of postsynaptic target [1].

Many physiological events require an accurate timing signal, usually generated by neural networks called central pattern generators (CPGs). On the other hand, properties of neurons and neural networks (e.g. time constants of neurons and weights of network connections) alter with time, resulting in gradual changes in timing of such networks. Recently, a synaptic weight adjustment mechanism has b...

Background & Aims: Change in visual experience impairs circadian rhythms. In this study, The effects of visual deprivation during critical period of brain development and melatonin intake on synaptic plasticity of hippocampal CA1 neurons were evaluated. Methods: This experimental study was done on male rats kept in standard 12 hour light/dark condition (L...

− This paper describes a new basic element which shows a synaptic operation for neural logic applications and shows function feasibility. A key device for the logic operation is the insulated-gate pnjunction device on SOI substrates. The basic element allows an interface quite compatible to that of conventional CMOS circuits and νMOS circuits. Index Terms −SOI, gated-pn junction, neural logic,

glutamatergic system stimulationthe nucleus accumbens shell, may affect anxiety-related behaviors, aversive learning and memory. glutamate receptors are differentially distributed in pre- and postsynaptic sites contributing to neuronal communications.the present study aimed to examine the possible involvement of the nac shell presynaptic nmda receptors on nmda induced responses, using the eleva...

The activities of p r o t e i n k inases and phospha t a se s are be l ieved to regula te n e u r o n a l activity a n d synaptic plasticity in brain . N u m e r o u s in vivo and in vitro s tudies have s h o w n that synaptic s t reng th appears stable u n d e r basal cond i t ions and du r ing l o n g t e r m po ten t i a t i on (LTP) express ion. This may reflect a ba lance be tween p ro te ...

Phox2b protein is a specific marker for neurons in the parafacial region of the ventral medulla, which are proposed to play a role in central chemoreception and postnatal survival. Mutations of PHOX2B cause congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. However, there have been no reports concerning electrophysiological characteristics of these Phox2b-expressing neurons in the parafacial region o...