UNLABELLED Thyrotoxicosis is one of the rare disorders diagnosed in childhood and adolescence. The most frequent cause is Graves disease. One of the Graves' disease complications is thyroid-associated orbitopathy. A 2-year-old girl was referred to our hospital for decreased weight gain. Her physical examination was normal except for a palpable thyroid tissue and exophtalmia. After laboratory ex...

Hypotony maculopathy is a condition that may result in visual deterioration from choroidal folds or optic disc edema. Optic disc edema can result from altered translaminar pressure gradients (lowered intraocular pressure, increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure, or increased orbital pressure). We report a case of bilateral optic disc edema in a patient with glaucoma and thyroid-related orbitopat...

Despite the huge progress in the understanding of the pathomechanism of thyroid orbitopathy (OT) done during recent years this extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease still remains one of the most complex problems of clinical endocrinology. The outcome of the management is not satisfying neither for patient nor for physicians. Some likelihood of the improvement of the results may be exp...

A ttempts to understand the pathogenesis of thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) have failed, in part because of confounding features associated with its variable clinical presentation. In the absence of a more complete insight into disease mechanisms, no specific and effective therapy can be developed. It is our view that much of the information necessary to unravel the complexities of TAO and...

Although the diagnosis of Graves' orbitopathy is primarily made clinically based on laboratory tests indicative of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity, imaging studies, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and color Doppler imaging, play an important role both in the diagnosis and follow-up after clinical or surgical treatment of the disease. Imaging studies can ...

A 15-year-old woman was diagnosed with hypothyroidism and unilateral ectopic thyroid. Levothyroxine treatment was introduced; however, the patient was non-compliant and took the medication irregularly. When she presented to an endocrinologist at the age of 30, she had not been using levothyroxine for at least 6 months. Surprisingly, she was clinically and biochemically euthyroid. Due to decreas...

This review highlights 4 case reports in the field of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus published in the year 2015. The first article describes ocular presentations of acute childhood leukemia relapse. The second demonstrates the association of sector iris hemangioma with diffuse choroidal hemangioma. The third article provides a secondary procedure for persistent hypertropia in thyroid-re...

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are frequently used pharmacotherapeutics for type II diabetes mellitus, which exert their effect through peroxisomal proliferator agonist receptor (PPAR) mediated increased insulin sensitivity. TZDs are known to cause marrow suppression and to stimulate adipogenesis. Case and cohort studies show TZDs worsen thyroid-associated orbitopathy. We present a case consistent w...

In health, an efficient negative feedback mechanism maintains serum thyroid hormone concentrations within an exquisitely controlled narrow range. Therefore any change that occurs to thyroid hormones in intrinsic thyroid disease is concordant and easy to interpret. Optimal functioning of the many tissues they influence is thereby facilitated.
The situation in acute illnesses is different. Mechan...