introduction: antimicrobial peptides as the body's defense strategy play an important role in resistance against infection of microorganism. these peptides are able to modulate the immune and inflammatory processes through the production of defensive molecules. therefore, the modulatory effects of brevinin-2r, an antimicrobial peptide extracted from the skin of the frog (rana ridibunda), w...

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the most poisonous substances known and its eight toxin types (A to H) are distinguished by the inability of polyclonal antibodies that neutralize one toxin type to neutralize any of the other seven toxin types. Infant botulism, an intestinal toxemia orphan disease, is the most common form of human botulism in the United States. It results from swallowed spores of...

clostridium septicum a gram positive anaerobic bacterium produces several toxins including alpha, beta, gamma and delta. c. septicum alpha toxin is lethal and is responsible for a serious disease known as gas gangrene. the aim of the present study was to molecular cloning and sequencing of c. septicum vaccine strain alpha toxin gene. genomic dna was extracted using standard phenol and chlorofor...

background: ovarian tissue cryopreservation is an alternative strategy to preserve the fertility of women predicted to undergo premature ovarian failure. this study was designed to evaluate the expression of folliculogenesis-related genes, including factor in the germline alpha (figla), growth differentiation factor-9 (gdf-9), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr), and kit ligand after v...

abrin known as ribosome inactivating protein’s (rip) it is a high cytotoxic plant protein. high lethality and low cost and easy access to plant and seeds lead to this toxin used in crimes and terrorist acts. because obtaining purified toxins requires advanced laboratory equipment and complex procedures, so, it appears that the perpetrators of such crimes use crude extracts. as a result, remaini...

Concentrations of antibiotics below the MIC are able to modulate the expression of virulence-associated genes. In this study, the influence of subinhibitory doses of 31 antibiotics on the expression of the gene encoding the staphylococcal alpha-toxin (hla), a major virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus, was investigated with a novel gene fusion protocol. The most striking observation was a ...

The aim was to decipher the temporal impact of key interacting climate change (CC) abiotic factors temperature (30 vs 37 °C), water activity (aw; 0.985 0.930) and CO2 exposure (400 1000 ppm) on (a) growth Aspergillus flavus effects (b) gene expression a structural (aflD) regulatory (aflR) involved in aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthesis (c) AFB1 production yeast extract sucrose medium over period 1...

The molecular mechanisms of insect resistance to Cry toxins generated from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) urgently need be elucidated enable improvement and sustainability Bt-based products. Although downregulation expression midgut receptor genes is a pivotal mechanism Bt toxins, underlying transcriptional regulation these remains elusive. Herein, we unraveled regulatory ABC transpo...

objective: the incidence of breast cancer is approximately one million which makes this cancer one of the most common among women worldwide. breast cancer comprises 7% of the total death rate caused by cancers. several strategies that use tumor-associated antigen (taa) vaccination and early detection of breast cancer are clinically being developed. breast cancer is caused by increased over expr...