This article examines the extent and limits of nonstate forms of authority in international relations. It analyzes how the information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure for the tradability of services in a global knowledge-based economy relies on informal regulatory practices for the adjustment of ICT-related skills. By focusing on the challenge that highly volatile and short-li...

The primary purpose of this paper is to model uncertain digital objects in view of nancial risk management in an open network. We have made an abstraction of the objects and deened the security token, which is abbreviated into a word coinage setok. Each setok has its price, values, and timestamp on it as well as the main contents. Not only the price but also the values can be uncertain and may ...

We propose a new set of mechanisms, which we call serial dictatorship mechanisms with reservation prices for the allocation of one indivisible good. We show that a mechanism φ satisfies minimal tradability, individual rationality, strategy-proofness, consistency, and non wasteful tie-breaking if and only if there exists a reservation price vector r and a priority ordering such that φ is a seria...

In this paper, we seek to analyse the main drivers of firms’ choice in terms of outsourcing and/or offshoring of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) services. As globalisation is a new way firms choose to organize their activities, a broad literature focuses on the outsourcing and the offshoring of activities (Grossman and Helpman, 2005; Marin and Verdier, 2003). Even if a lot of p...

World food prices hit an all-time high in February 2011 and are still almost two and a half times those of 2000. Although three billion people worldwide use seafood as a key source of animal protein, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations-which compiles prices for other major food categories-has not tracked seafood prices. We fill this gap by developing an index of gl...

Advances in information technology have vastly expanded the range of services that can be traded internationally. Developing countries stand to benefit on two fronts—they will be able to increase their exports of services and they will gain access to services not available domestically—provided they reform the regulatory environment and develop the necessary human and physical capital. HE INTER...

Technological knowledge can be analyzed as a collective good since it is the result of systemic dynamics that make possible the access, accumulation and diffusion of interdependent bits of localized technological knowledge among complementary actors. Interactive behaviors and shared learning are the determinants of such collective character highlighting the need for effective communication oppo...

Purpose. This paper evaluates the involvement of three selected agricultural commodities (rice, coffee and soya) in international trade. The aim is to analyze specification foreign trade assess their different significance between representations domestic markets exports. article will also other contexts related these commodities, including negative effects on Based set goal, a research questio...

The absence of organized trading in intangibles has been a major hindrance to their recognition as assets in financial reports. Economic circumstances, however, change fast and markets in intangibles, particularly in patents and know-how, are operating both off and on-line (Internet). We examine the most active of these markets-the licensing of patents and know-how-which has grown exponentially...