iran’s industry has had a considerable number of difficulties to perform so well as was expected in the post – revolutionary era. unfavorable legal, political environments combined with eight –year imposed war may be singled out as the root causes of such performances. however, this paper argues that our industry’s lack of realization of its dire need to adapt to the emerging unprecedented envi...

For organisations to realise the potential from Enterprise Systems (ES), users must play an active role in adapting to processes and technology. To adapt to new processes and technologies, users must be empowered. Empowerment has been studied for over two decades across various disciplines and applied in practice. However, a review of the empowerment concept relating to the Information Systems ...

Modeling provides a bridge between the natural sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, and the like) and the axiomatic sciences (mathematics and statistics). Inductively-derived descriptive models map observations of physical processes into mathematical descriptions that can be treated as axioms (e.g., the various laws of physics). A synthetic model combines descriptive models of several physica...

Background and Aim: Numerous efforts over the past century have been performed. Various innovation techniques are increasingly gaining attention and gradually established the foundation of recent significant developments in the world of neurosurgery, among which varied stereotactic neuro-navigation designs and other novel emerging systems are being quotidian developed. This narrative review ai...

Questions regarding language and its evolution have been addressed in many disciplines. In this paper we discuss various approaches and review work in the domain of language evolution in artificial systems. Using artificial systems to study concepts regarding language evolution is useful in that we can control the system and hence study language evolution in a closed controllable environment.