Objective(s): The use of new technologies, which can be realized as nanotechnology, is a novel approach in this sector. Covers made of silver nanoparticles effectively prevent and reduce invasion of microorganisms, compared with other conventional covers. This study was conducted to determine the effects of nanosilver covers in comparison with other conventional covers. <stron...

As pinyon–juniper (specifically, Pinus monophylla and Juniperus osteosperma) woodlands in the western United States increase in distribution and density, understory growth declines and the occurrence of crown fires increases, leaving mountainsides open to both soil erosion and invasion by exotic species. We examined if the loss in understory cover that occurred with increasing tree cover was re...

Prequential testing of a forecaster is known to be manipulable if the test must pass an informed forecaster for all possible true distributions. Stewart (2011) provides a non-manipulable prequential likelihood test that only fails an informed forecaster on a small, category I, set of distributions. We present a prequential test based on calibration that also fails the informed forecaster on at ...

Białowieża Primeval Forest (BPF, approx. 1700 km2) is an important forest area in Europe from the point of view protection natural diversity. BPF covered with old mixed tree stands mostly origin. Norway spruce a species and covers 27% its area. Between 2012 2017 large outbreak bark beetle Ips typographus (Linnaeus, 1758) took place forest, which transformed left many dead standing trees. At tha...

West Nile virus (WNV) is generally considered to be an urban pathogen in the United States, but studies associating land cover and disease incidence, seroprevalence, or infection rate in humans, birds, domesticated and wild mammals, and mosquitoes report varying and sometimes contradictory results at an array of spatial extents. Human infection can provide insight about basic transmission activ...