Any college writing teacher who has read even a moderate number of essays can attest to the fact that writing proficiency exists on several different planes independently. For example, one paper can provide insightful commentary on a substantive topic while replete with problems in spelling and punctuation. Another paper can exhibit a wide range of sentence structures, flawless syntax, adherenc...

Lowie and Verspoor (2019) had an unexpected finding in their work Individual Differences the Ergodicity Problem: The main predictor for proficiency gains 22 beginning Dutch learners of English over one year was not traditional individual difference (ID) factors, but degree variability that occurred time. We speculate might stand “investment” as students strive excellent product at time, are abl...

This study purported to comparatively investigate the influence of collaborative writing on the quality of individual writing of four female Iranian and four female Malaysian students. The first semester students at a private university in Malaysia, who were comparable in terms of age, gender, study discipline, and language proficiency, were divided into two Iranian and two Malaysian dyads. The...