Lymphangiogenesis and the expression of vascular endothelial cell growth factor C (VEGF-C) in tumors have been considered to be causally promoting lymphatic metastasis. There are only a few studies on lymphatic metastasis in immunocompetent allograft mouse models. To study the relationship between VEGF-C-mediated lymphangiogenesis and axillary lymph node metastasis, we used two mouse mammary ca...

A case of primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the breast is reported. The patient was a 48-yr-old woman with a huge tumor involving almost the entire left breast. The central portion of her left breast was already rotted by extensive necrosis and inflammation. She was treated by radical mastectomy and axillary lymphadenectomy to level I. Pathologic examination supported by an immunohistoc...

HYPOTHESIS The presence of nonsentinel lymph node (NSLN) metastasis after having a positive sentinel lymph node dissection finding is associated with tumor size and stage, the presence of lymphovascular invasion, micrometastasis, and extranodal extension. DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING University hospital. PATIENTS Four hundred seven consecutive patients at a single institution...

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common type of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors, although metastasis to the perigastric lymph nodes is relatively rare, compared with liver or peritoneal metastasis. In this report, we describe a case of stomach GIST with a solitary simultaneous metastasis in the left axillary lymph node. A 68-year-old man was diagnosed with a large upper-...

HYPOTHESIS Sentinel lymph node (SN) biopsy performed with local anesthesia has a positive effect on patients' quality of life and on treatment management for early-stage breast carcinoma. This method represents an interesting development in breast-conserving surgery. DESIGN We performed SN biopsy with local anesthesia in selected patients to test the feasibility of the technique and its impac...

background: in an attempt to reduce the risk of developing lymphedema following breast cancer surgery, some researchers suggested that by identifying and preserving the lymphatic plexus which drains ipsilateral arm we can minimize the risk of lymphedema. the procedure is known as axillary reverse mapping (arm). in the current study, we investigated the oncological safety of this technique. meth...

Male breast cancer (MBC) is considered as a rare disease that accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers, and its treatment has been based on the evidence available from female breast cancer. Axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is now regarded as the standard of care for both female and male patients without clinical and imaging evidence of axillary lymph node metastases, while inte...

HYPOTHESIS Fludeoxyglucose F 18 (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) can be used to predict axillary node metastases. DESIGN Case series. SETTING Comprehensive breast care center. PATIENTS Fifty-one women with 54 biopsy-proven invasive breast cancers. INTERVENTION Whole-body FDG-PET performed before axillary surgery and interpreted blindly. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Axillary FDG activ...

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. The 5-year survival rate in patients with breast cancer ranges from 74 to 82 %. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has become an alternative to axillary lymph node dissection for nodal staging. We evaluated the detection of the sentinel lymph node and metastasis of the lymph node using contrast enhanced ultrasonography with Sonazoid. Between Dec...