The arteries deliver blood from the heart to tissues, while the veins return blood to the heart. Although we sometimes think of arteries and veins as simple tubes, in reality they are much more complex: they curve and branch, which profoundly influences blood flow and biomechanical forces within the arterial wall. The artery wall is composed of several types of cells that interact with each oth...

Introduction Although there has been a putative link between cervical spinal manipulative treatment (cSMT) and cervical artery dissection (CAD) ever since Thornton’s report in the literature in 19341, recent evidence suggests that this is an association rather than a causal relationship. Since 2008, several studies published by Cassidy and co-workers2-4 have attributed the association between c...

Simultaneous brachial artery pressure and blood flow measurements were made in 15 patients with arteriosclerosis of the lower limbs (AOLL) and in controls of the same age and sex. Blood flow was evaluated by a pulsed Doppler device with a double-transducer probe. From analysis of the pressure-flow curves during diastole, regional arterial compliance (RAC) was determined by using as a model of t...

Understanding how and why behavioral traits diversify during the course of evolution is a longstanding goal organismal biologists. Historically, this topic examined from an ecological perspective, where thought to occur in response selection pressures that arise through different social environmental factors. Yet physiology biomechanics also play role process by defining types are more or less ...

This is the first part of a two-part paper on the design of intelligent controllers for a class of exercise machines. The control objective is to cause the user to exercise in a manner which optimizes a criterion related to the user’s mechanical power. The optimal exercise strategy is determined by a biomechanical behavior of the individual user, which is assumed to satisfy an affine force–velo...

This is the second part of a two-part paper on the design of an intelligent controller for a class of exercise machines. The control objective is to cause the user to exercise in a manner that optimizes a criterion related to the user’s mechanical power. The optimal exercise strategy is determined by an a priori unknown biomechanical behavior, called the Hill surface, of the individual user. Co...