Generation of DeltaPsi (membrane potential) by cytochrome oxidase proteoliposomes oxidizing superoxide-reduced cytochrome c has been demonstrated. XO+HX (xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine) were used to produce superoxide. It was found that the generation of DeltaPsi is completely abolished by cyanide (an uncoupler) or by superoxide dismutase, and is enhanced by nigericin. Addition of ascorbate ...

There is much interest in developing fuel cells for commercial applications. This interest is driven by technical and environmental advantages offered by the fuel cell, including high performance characteristics, reliability, durability, and clean power. A fuel cell is similar to a battery—it uses an electrochemical process to directly convert chemical energy to electricity. Unlike a battery, h...

In this paper we will generalize  some of known results on the tight closure of an ideal to the tight closure of an ideal relative to a module .

An old question of T. Jech and K. Prikry asks if an existence of a precipitous ideal implies necessary existence of a normal precipitous ideal. The aim of the paper is to prove some results in the positive direction. Thus, it is shown that under some mild assumptions, an existence of a precipitous ideal over א1 implies an existence of a normal precipitous ideal over א1 once a Cohen subset is ad...

the rings considered in this article are commutative with identity $1neq 0$. by a proper ideal of a ring $r$,  we mean an ideal $i$ of $r$ such that $ineq r$.  we say that a proper ideal $i$ of a ring $r$ is a  maximal non-prime ideal if $i$ is not a prime ideal of $r$ but any proper ideal $a$ of $r$ with $ isubseteq a$ and $ineq a$ is a prime ideal. that is, among all the proper ideals of $r$,...

Using the notion of “belongingness ($epsilon$)” and “quasi-coincidence (q)” of fuzzy points with fuzzy sets, we introduce the concept of an ($ alpha, beta$)- fuzzyHv-ideal of an Hv-ring, where , are any two of {$epsilon$, q,$epsilon$ $vee$ q, $epsilon$ $wedge$ q} with $ alpha$ $neq$ $epsilon$ $wedge$ q. Since the concept of ($epsilon$, $epsilon$ $vee$ q)-fuzzy Hv-ideals is an important and ...

Let be a commutative Noetherian ring and let I be a proper ideal of . D’Anna and Fontana in [6] introduced a new construction of ring,  named amalgamated duplication of along I. In this paper by considering the ring homomorphism , it is shown that if , then , also it is proved that if , then there exists  such that . Using this result it is shown that if is generically Cohen-Macaulay (resp. gen...

In this paper, for a complete lattice L, we introduce interval-valued L-fuzzy ideal (prime ideal) of a near-ring which is an extended notion of fuzzy ideal (prime ideal) of a near-ring. Some characterization and properties are discussed.