The political utility of clubs hinges on their ability to provide excludable benefits to members. But in some cases of climate clubs, membership is not easily demarcated, and excludable benefits may be minimal. I argue that these governance initiatives—where membership is fluid and benefits are small—are more accurately defined as Bpseudo-clubs.^ Though they function differently than convention...

Network analysis can help uncover meaningful regularities in the organization of complex systems. Among these, rich clubs are a functionally important property of a variety of social, technological and biological networks. Rich clubs emerge when nodes that are somehow prominent or 'rich' (e.g., highly connected) interact preferentially with one another. The identification of rich clubs is non-t...

When I started graduate school in 1987, my knowledge of RNA was probably typical of that of most chemistry graduate students, meaning it was pretty minimal. I took my first (and only) biochemistry class in Germany, at a time when my German was just barely up to the challenge. RNA was hardly mentioned, but I do recall learning that one of the activities of the ribosome was “peptidyl transferase....

The aim of this article is to investigate the explanatory variables of the number of Facebook fans and Twitter followers for professional sports clubs based on the financial value literature. Such explanatory variables are related to local market conditions and on-field and off-field performance. Based upon a sample of North American major league clubs and the most valuable European soccer club...

This paper estimates the effect of participation in high school extracurricular activities on future earnings, making three important contributions to the existing literature: 1) it compares the earnings effects of participation in different types of clubs; 2) it investigates whether the effect of clubs participation is constant over time; and 3) it employs an instrumental variables approach in...

232 Journal clubs have many functions, including the provision of a forum for developing skills in critical appraisal, an essential part of being a competent clinician. From early on, journal clubs reported their proceedings in academic journals. The Zoological Journal Club of Michigan, for example, regularly reported its activities in the journal Science (see figure 1). Table 1 lists a selecti...

ISSUE ADDRESSED There is accumulating evidence supporting a link between alcohol industry sponsorship and alcohol-related problems in both community and elite-level sports. Little is known, however, about the current status of such sponsorship, particularly of community sport. This study aimed to assess associations between alcohol industry sponsorship and different community football clubs in ...

BACKGROUND During their career, professional football players undergo periodic medical examinations intended to screen and monitor their fitness and health. In the Netherlands, information about the content of these examinations is lacking and it is not known whether they comply with current Dutch occupational medicine guidelines. AIMS To explore the content of medical examinations undertaken...

Scotchmer and Wooders (1987) show that efficient clubs are homogeneous when consumers are divisible in Berglas’s (1976) anonymous crowding model. However, if consumers are not divisible or if clubs have multiple facilities with economies of scope, mixed clubs are efficient. In such a model, we consider clubs with multiple membership policies for different types of consumers, and show the existe...