When Chinese archaeologists opened an unknown vault under the collapsed pagoda of Famen Temple near Xian (Shaanxi Province, NW China) in 1987, they found a vast amount of valuable silk textiles. The degraded textiles were part of a treasure comprising hundreds of artifacts deposited by Tang dynasty (ad 618–907) emperors as a gift to the temple. Run as a bilateral German-Chinese project, the Roe...

according adhar bigdili, muhammad ali was son of abdal biq naqqashbashi (painter laureate)and grandson of aliquli biq jabadar, court painter of shah safi and shah abbas ii safawi. adhar bigdili credited muhammad ali with naqqashbashi of shah tahmasp ii safawi and nadir shah afshar. having learnt the art of painting from his father, muhamma ali in turn trained ali ashraf, who worked under patron...

After more than three thousand years of accumulation and development, traditional Chinese gardens have created their own profound unique style landscape architecture, which has important historical, cultural artistic research application value. In the Qing dynasty, dynasty (1636-1912) was particularly developed in 276 years. The capital is today's Beijing, now China, so design most profound. It...

following the death of nader shah afshar, the province of kurdistan, with sanandaj being the capital, ruled by the local influential dynasty of ardalan, underwent a severe power struggle triggered by pretenders to the government of iran, just as many other provinces experienced a similar power struggle. in addition, the strategic location of kurdistan as the closest neighboring province of otto...

with its favorable geographical location, qazvin has long been a center of civilization in the iranian plateau. due to its strategic importance and being situated on the way to routes going to west and east, qazvin has always enjoyed military and political significance in both the pre-islamic and the islamic period. after the muslim arabs’ conquest of persia, qazvin became one of the borders of...

wide-ranging sociological studies have been conducted on the history of iranian intellectuality and modernism. the findings jointly acknowledge that due to communication with the west and following the effects that was received from modernism, the first generation of iranian intellectualism was emerged. it is said that having benefited from the translated works in its general concept, i.e. incl...

Parvin-e E`tesami, the daughter of Yousef E`tesami, was one of the eminent poets of the constitutional period. Her father, E`tesam al-Molk was a remarkable intellectual. He was one of the very first translators and one of the writers whose work started Romanticism in Iran in the last years of Qajar dynasty. He translated pieces from a vast range of topics and, thus, he had an undeniable role in...