one of the evolutions in tort law is the colectivisation of civil liability. in the past, civil liability was collective and the effects of the person guilty haven imposed on the all members of family. then with developing of civilizations and with appearance of principle of personal liability, the collective liability has been changed to personal liability. but nowadays according to the opinio...

the problem of protecting the people injured by engine-driven means of transportation has been taken into consideration from 19th century and public rules and principles for protecting the people injured by enginedrivenmeans of transportation in different countries is not recognized as sufficient; because most of the legal systems arebased on fault and it is a difficult job to prove that fault....

After clarifying the distinction between mistakes of fact and mistakes of law, this article explores in detail an important distinction within the category of mistake of law, between mistake about the criminal law itself and mistake about noncriminal law norms that the criminal law makes relevant—for example, about the civil law of property (in a theft prosecution) or of divorce (in a bigamy pr...

Law No. 225/1992 established a National Service of Civil Protection, with the important role of 'safeguarding life, goods, settlements and the environment from damage deriving from natural disasters, catastrophes and calamities' (art. 1). This law arranges civil protection as a co-ordinated system of responsibilities administrated by the state, local and public authorities, the world of science...

according to article 3 of civil responsibility law (tort law), it is necessary for the judge to determine the amounts of damages by considering the  circumstances of the case. one of the instances of  such circumstances which may have an impact on determination of the amount of damages, as mentioned in article 4(2) of tort law, is financial status of the person causing the loss. following the s...

Comparative lawyers often argue that, upon close examination, technical differences between legal systems from a particular, e.g. Western, tradition are not as important as they might seem. From a functional viewpoint, these legal systems might in fact be converging. However, various degrees of convergence exist, depending upon the area of the law under examination. In tort law, sometimes a str...