Amylase is one of the earliest characterized enzymes and has many applications in clinical and industrial settings. In biotechnological industries, the amylase activity is enhanced through modifying amylase structure and through cloning and expressing targeted amylases in different species. It is important to understand how engineered amylases can survive from generation to generation. This stu...

Previous work by one of the authors minimised the distance travelled by UK football clubs over the Christmas/New Year period. In doing so various constraints have to be respected. One of these relates to clashes which measures how many paired teams play at home on the same day. The schedules that are actually used allow a certain number of clashes and our previous work utilised these values for...

Type 1 ryanodine receptors (RyR1s) release Ca(2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate skeletal muscle contraction. The role of RyR1-G4934 and -G4941 in the pore-lining helix in channel gating and ion permeation was probed by replacing them with amino acid residues of increasing side chain volume. RyR1-G4934A, -G4941A, and -G4941V mutant channels exhibited a caffeine-induced Ca(2+) relea...

Calls that catalyse group defence, as in the mobbing of predators, appear to facilitate cooperation by recruiting receivers to act collectively. However, even when such signals reliably precede cooperative behaviour, the extent to which the calls function as recruitment signals is unclear. Calls might simply arouse listeners' attention, setting off a cascade of independent responses to the thre...

The computational reading of proofs in intutionistic predicate logic (IPL) as λ-terms can be extended in two well-known ways. On the one hand, Martin-Löf showed how the Axiom of Choice (AC) can be interpreted as a term of dependent type theory. On the other hand, Griffin showed how Peirce’s law (which generates classical logic from intuitionistic) can be interpreted as a program using control o...

The household's decision to invest in a home is complicated by the fact that owner-occupied housing plays a dual role as both a physical good generating housing services, and as a component of the wealth portfolio. For many homeowners, housing represents both the largest single element of the monthly expenditure, and the most important asset in the wealth portfolio. Given the availability of re...