Dry powder inhaler (DPI) is a dosage form for delivering fi ne drug powders to the respiratory tract. Particle size and size distribution, proportion of fi nes, particle shape, particle surface roughness, fl ow rate and adhesion force have been reported to affect the aerosolization process. Several mechanisms for particle dispersion in DPI have been considered; a proposed mechanism to explain t...

Although respiratory disease has been strongly connected to fine particulate air pollution (particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5)), evidence has been mixed regarding the effects of coarse particles (particulate matter from 2.5 to 10 μm in diameter), possibly because of the greater spatial heterogeneity of coarse particles. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between coarse par...

Although respiratory disease has been strongly connected to fine particulate air pollution (particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5)), evidence has been mixed regarding the effects of coarse particles (particulate matter from 2.5 to 10 μm in diameter), possibly because of the greater spatial heterogeneity of coarse particles. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between coarse par...

Adaptive Mesh and Algorithm Reenement (AMAR) embeds a particle method within a continuum method at the nest level of an adaptive mesh reenement (AMR) hierarchy. The coupling between the particle region and the overlaying continuum grid is algorithmically equivalent to that between the ne and coarse levels of AMR. Direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) is used as the particle algorithm embeded wit...

Memory effects are often introduced during coarse-graining of a complex dynamical system. In particular, a generalized Langevin equation (GLE) for the coarse-grained (CG) system arises in the context of Mori-Zwanzig formalism. Upon a pairwise decomposition, GLE can be reformulated into its pairwise version, i.e., non-Markovian dissipative particle dynamics (DPD). GLE models the dynamics of a si...

A coarse-grained lattice Metropolis Monte Carlo (CG-MMC) method is presented for simulating fluid systems described by standard molecular force fields. First, a thermodynamically consistent coarse-grained interaction potential is obtained numerically and automatically from a continuous force field such as Lennard-Jones. The coarse-grained potential then is used to drive CG-MMC simulations of va...

This study investigated the effects of soil particle size on the reflectance spectra of sandy soils using ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectroscopy in sensing phosphorus (P) concentration. Pure sandy soil was graded into three particle sizes. Sieve sizes were 125, 250, and 600 m for fine, medium, and coarse, respectively. Phosphorus application rates for the soil samples were 0.0, 12...