The social brain hypothesis assumes the evolution of social behaviour changes animals' ecological environments, and predicts evolutionary shifts in social structure will be associated with changes in brain investment. Most social brain models to date assume social behaviour imposes additional cognitive challenges to animals, favouring the evolution of increased brain investment. Here, we presen...

Recently, there has been a growing interest in topics at the intersection of epistemology and externalist philosophy of mind in the form of active externalism. Active externalism, contrary to Putnam and Burge’s content (or passive) externalism, concerns the aspects of the environment that determine the content and the flow of cognition, not by acting as the background which cognition takes plac...

Many studies have demonstrated that the sensory and motor systems are activated during conceptual processing. Such results have been interpreted as indicating that concepts, and important aspects of cognition more broadly, are embodied. That conclusion does not follow from the empirical evidence. The reason why is that the empirical evidence can equally be accommodated by a 'disembodied' view o...

The debate surrounding how emotion and cognition are organized in the brain has recently been drawn toward Damasio’s Somatic Marker Hypothesis. The theory endorses a highly interactive process that emotion has with cognition, but has been criticized for: 1) being too broad to capture the specific processes that emotion offers cognition, and 2) implicitly endorsing that emotion operates from a s...

This study investigated the effect of sequencing tasks from simple to complex along +/- reasoning demands on fluency in writing task performance of English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners. The participants of this study included 90 intermediate EFL learners from three intact class divisions at the Islamic Azad Uni- versity, Shahr-e-Qods Branch. They were distributed in three groups: Experime...

Today, learners’ interaction and collaborative task performance have attracted increasing attention from language teachers and researchers. The present study investigated whether collaborative pre-planning, task complexity manipulation, and language proficiency level play a role in learners’ interactions. To this end, 128 EFL learners from two different language proficiency levels carried out t...

Though cognition, which we refer to in this study as “native thoughts” is an important disposition of managers, there a dearth empirical evidence on the relationship between cognition and performance organizations. Drawing from social cognitive theory, investigate d influence local demographics organizational rated hotels Kenya using descriptive. Cross-sectional survey 249 managers 150 three, f...

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to extend the linguistic relativity hypothesis (i.e., language we speak affects way think) a script in which read influences our thought). Based on rich body knowledge science reading that shows effects literacy cognitive processes, foundation, rationale, and converging evidence are discussed. tenable notion anchored previous research into connection betwee...

Spyridon Orestis Palermos This paper focuses on the hypothesis of the extended cognition (HEC), and in particular, on two interrelated objections to it, namely the coupling-constitution fallacy and the cognitive bloat worry. Briefly, if there is no principled way in which we can decide whether a (cognitive) process depends on extra-neural (or extra-organismic) factors in a causal, or constituti...