Role theory has proved remarkably promising in examining effectiveness of marketing-oriented boundary spanners. This paper reviews different approaches for examining role theory implications for boundary spanners—namely universalistic and contingency approaches—and develops the configural approach by extending configurational theory principles to role theory. Neither the contingency nor the con...

In information security, ignorance is not bliss. It is always stated that hiding the protocols (let the other be ignorant about it) does not increase the security of organizations. However, there are cases that ignorance creates protocols. In this paper, we propose distributed contingency logic, a proper extension of contingency (ignorance) logic. Intuitively, a formula is distributed contingen...

We introduce an agent-based model of interaction, drawing on the contingency approach from Luhmann's theory of social systems. The agent interactions are defined by the exchange of distinct messages. Message selection is based on the history of the interaction and developed within the confines of the problem of double contingency. We examine interaction strategies in the light of the message-ex...

OBJECTIVE Despite consistent evidence for the positive impact of contingency planning for falls in older people, implementation of plans often fail. This is likely due to lack of recognition and knowledge about perspectives of older people about contingency planning. The objective of this research was to explore the perspectives of older people living in the community about use of contingency p...

When a major outage occurs in distribution system due to extreme events, service restoration (SR) strategies pick up critical loads after isolating the faults that have occurred. However, conditions, traditional SR could pose potential security risks restored services subsequent contingencies succeeding events. To address this challenge, we propose microgrid-based methodology aims enhance prepa...

The importance of preventing the voltage collapse is gaining importance due to increase in dependency on the use of electricity. This has compelled the utilities to maintain high system reliability. The evaluation of a power systems ability to withstand dangerous contingencies and to survive to a normal or acceptable operating point is a prerequisite for security analysis. Fast and accurate sec...

A multistage decision process for transportation investment planning is described. Most transportation investment problems inherently involve multiple criteria and uncertainty. To deal with the variations arising from changes in external environments, robust contingency plans should be integrated in the planning process-not after plans are developed-to account for uncertainty. With the proposed...