There are many indices for measuring property rights (PR) security. They may be classified into two groups: subjective proxies and objective proxies. Most of the proxies are subjective. One contribution of this paper is introducing a new approach for measuring government expenditures devoted to PR protection. Calculating physical capital within the introduced new approach is another contributio...

urban growth and associated landscape transformation has been a major driver of local, regionaland global environmental change. the conversion of urban greenery to impervious landscapes has been identifiedas a key factor influencing the distinctive urban heat and associated consequences. due to the often highdemand for space in urban areas, creation and preservation of urban greenery as heat si...

In the present paper, employing a complete model of a passenger car, contribution of various components and assemblies in the frontal crash energy absorption is determined. Thickness of components with more remarkable contribution is increased to improve the occupant safety. Furthermore, effects of substituting the metallic bumper with one fabricated from GMT materials on the frontal crash beha...

The aim of this paper is to analyze the macroeconomic effects of parametric reforms. An adjusted Auerbach-Kotlikoff model is used to study the effects of decreasing replacement and contribution rates of the pension system. The first part concentrates on the macroeconomic effect of reforms. Our results indicate that reducing the replacement and contribution rates increase the capital stock and d...

The magnetisation and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum of two specimens of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C), deposited from a filtered cathodic arc, were measured over a wide temperature range. The magnetisation was found to consist of superparamagnetic, paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions. The superparamagnetic contribution resembled that recently found in carbon prepared from ...

The Asia-Pacific region generates over half of global economic activity (54.2%) and about 43.7% of global trade, and is the most dynamic region in the global economy. At the core of this is an increasingly dynamic, vibrant and entrepreneurial small-medium sized enterprise sector. Advances in information and communications technology, market liberalisation and moves towards closer regional econo...

Eight species of the genus Cercospora from different localities in Northern provinces of Iran were obtained and examined during spring-autumn 2010. Cercospora acnidae (from Amaranthus chlorostachys var. chlorostachys), C. beticola (from Beta vulgaris), C. iridis (from Iris sp.), C. lactucae-sativae (from Lactuca sativa), C. mercurialis (from Mercurialis annua), C. sorghi (from Sorghum halepense...

The article highlights the contributions of a few prominent women scientists to the science of pharmacology. These women,some of whom were from other scientific fields, contributed significantly to our understanding of pharmacology. This was achieved in an era in which pharmacology was a more or less male dominated field. Even though it is easier for women to enter scientific fields nowadays, t...

The study is aimed at assessing the strategic importance of a business processes for achieving sustainable competitive advantage, therefore, in this article the theoretical approach for measuring the strategic contribution of a business process to an enterprise’s business system is presented.  For evaluating of a business process strategic importance the study proposes the system of economic an...