The study is an effort to fiind out the impact of earnings management on dividend payout policy for two coutries that is Pakistan and China. A set of listed Companies in both of the countries have been investigated to analyze the relationship for the year 2003 to 2007 in Pakistan and 2001 to 2007 in China. Dividend policy has been measured by dividend payout. Whereas earnings management has bee...

This study examines the role of pre-IPO discretionary accruals in the valuation and underpricing of IPOs. We find that IPO offer price is unaffected whereas market closing price is positively associated with the levels of pre-IPO discretionary accruals for issuers with aggressively reported earnings. We also find that this relative over-valuation of managed earnings by the markets explains a po...

Using a sample of banks, this study examines the capital market pricing implications of three components of loan fair values. We find that the nondiscretionary component is priced on a dollar-for-dollar basis, the discretionary component is assigned a significantly larger multiple than the nondiscretionary component and the noise component is not priced. This implies that the relevance and reli...

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a methodology for measuring the relative efficiencies of a set of decision-making units (DMUs) that use multiple inputs to produce multiple outputs. The standard DEA models assume that all inputs and outputs are crisp and can be changed at the discretion of management. While crisp input and output data are fundamentally indispensable in the standard DEA evalua...

Existing non-discretionary access control systems (such as Security Enhanced Linux) are difficult to use by ordinary users. We identify several principles for designing usable access control system and introduce the Host Integrity Protection Policy (HIPP) model that adds usable non-discretionary access control to operating systems. The HIPP model is designed to defend against attacks targeting ...

Time pressure is a familiar phenomenon. The quantity of spare time people have clearly effects their satisfaction with their leisure and with their life as a whole. But so too, we show, does how much control people have over how much spare time they have. We measure this through an indicator of ‘discretionary time’, which proves to be equally or more important than spare time itself in these co...

[Purpose] This paper attempted to determine the relationship between physical activity of men from Wrocław and their discretionary income. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects were 1,601 male survey respondents aged from 18 to 65 years old. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used for the assessment of physical activity. [Results] Among respondents, low intensity physical activ...

Material misstatements in corporate tax disclosures have widespread economic and social impacts. Our study investigates how disciplinary power flows through communication channels between institutional investors senior executives to normalise understandings of as an instrument control. Adopting a governmentality approach, we analyse interview data, the UK Australia, query guides willing subject...