the character of cosmopolitanism in e-commerce disputes is much more complicated than in normal international transactions. internet environment has created challenges and changes about the governing law of contracts in this space. this cyber space has technical and legal differences in compared with physical environment. in this paper, we intend to answer this question that in dispute arising ...

the law of prohibition of unfair competition prohibits any deed or action which is against the normal competition in the market. before emergence of special laws for protection of intellectual property rights, including trademarks, such right could be protected either by tort law claims or law of unfair competition. however, the law of prohibition of unfair competition covers a wider area than ...

The period of the great geographical discoveries and formation European colonial empires caused international debate on freedom seas. Many prominent lawyers became involved in dispute, splitting their support between mare liberum clausum. One many spin-off debates was Anglo-Dutch dispute about fishing around coast Britain. Although its most important figures were Grotious Selden, theoretical gr...

the islamic law considers people’s financial affairs as important and has devised special rules for it so that the citizens may live under their protection. strictness on the usurper of other people’s properties is part of these rules so that no one would dare to encroach upon other people’s properties. this strictness in confronting the usurpers of rights is implied from the traditions and rul...

the respect of property has recognized by the grate legal systems. despite of the recognition of this rule, there are some exceptions. expropriation, nationalization, confiscation and requisition are exceptions of the respect which cause the disputes in foreign investment. however national and international authorities, have different argumentations in ether violations of the respect to determi...