One of the less recognized attributes of the scholar honored in this volume is his lively interest in and appreciation of Near Eastern fauna; anyone who in his presence has mentioned some Iraqi creature will have with pleasure made this discovery. Pressed as he has been in past years both as author and as editor to see to publication hundreds of articles and monographs, above all concerning the...

following the formation of the persian empire by cyrus the great and its extension by darius i, from indus river in india to nile in egypt, persian kings felt that there is a need to use an international language to be understandable by all nations of this great empire. this need was greater when they sent orders and messages to these different nations. when darius i defeated his enemies and su...

?ima?ki is one of the important toponyms in old elamite period. until now, there has been no agreement among archaeologists on the location of this toponym. this article wants to show why the kerman province cannot be the good candidate for this toponym. for this purpose, the authors used the archaeological and written documents. an important integrative analysis of archaeological survey data w...

the remaining artworks from different periods and places in iran show the beliefs, customs, traditions and life in that times and places. using men’s motifs has been prevalent in the remained works of different civilizations and historical periods since the most ancient times. one of the most important and oldest civilizations of the iran plateau is elam. elam was an ancient civilization center...