In recent years many different ways have been investigated by steel producers to increase ductility, impact strength and formability of steels. More important ways are steels with very low amounts of inclusion, small size inclusions and modified inclusions. In this study, experiments have been performed on the API-X42 steel produced by the electric arc furnace in Mobarekeh Steel Co. After the p...

We present a topological mechanism of discretization, which gives for the fundamental electric charge the value q0 = √ h̄c = 5.29×10−19 C, about 3.3 times the electron charge. Its basis is the following recently proved property of the standard linear classical Maxwell equations: they can be obtained by change of variables from an underlying topological theory, using two complex scalar fields φ a...

Spin is an intrinsic property of the photon. A method for using an externally applied dc electric field to manipulate the transfer of spin angular momentum of light in an optically active medium is presented. To discuss this, we first develop a wave coupling theory of the mutual action of natural optical activity and the linear electro-optic effect. Besides being used for analyzing the electric...

Hybrid SU (2)×U (1) models are the models in which SU (2)×U (1) symmetry is broken down not only spontaneously (as in the Standard Model), but also explicitely by adding a hard mass term for the U (1) field in the lagrangian. We study the issue of electric charge nonconservation and dequantization in these models. For this purpose we construct and analyze a series of hybrid models with differen...

Electrorheological (ER) materials are suspensions of micron sized particles in insulating, dielectric fluids. The mechanical properties of these materials can be controlled by regulating an electric field through them. Variable properties include stiffness, damping, and yielding behavior. At high electric fields, material property changes are rapid and immediately reversible. ER technology has ...