externality An economically significant effect of an activity, the consequences of which are borne (at least in part) by parties other than the party who engages in the activity, and which are not accounted for through trade. diffusion The gradual adoption of new process or product innovations by firms and individuals. innovation The initial market introduction or commercialization of new proce...

in order to perform each component of agricultural practices, its plan should be rationalized economically and technically. in a study for recognition patterns of energy inputs and outputs in saffron fields of southern khorasan, iran, during a five years exploitation period, two questionnaires were prepared, one for the first cultivation year, and another for crop management and harvest during ...

introduction the high energy consumption is one of the serious problems in poultry industry. the poultry industry consume about five percent of total energy sources in different countries, with consideration of losses, it increases up to 16-20%. in the year 2003 also, the iranian chicken meat consumption per capita was 13.3 kg, while in the year 2013 it increased to 25.9 kg (fao, 2014). it show...

in this study, energy consumption pattern, efficiency and the percentage of saved energy and inputs of poultry production farms in isfahan, nain and najafabad townships with different capacities were evaluated. the average of net energy gain per 1000 bird for capacities less than 10, 10-30 and more than 30 thousand pieces was calculated as -143.66, -129.58 and -94.99 gj/1000 bird, respectively....

in the present study, an attempt has been made to use data envelopment analysis (dea) for assessing the technical efficiency and return-to-scale for greenhouse cucumber production in iran. for this purpose, the data from greenhouses in esfahan province, during one period of plant cultivation in one year including spring plants were randomly collected. the results indicated that total input ener...