Objective(s): Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a serious neurological autoimmune disease, it commonly affects young adults. Vitamin E (Vit E) is an important component of human diet with antioxidant activity, which protects the body’s biological systems. In order to assess the effect of Vit E treatment on this autoimmune disease, we established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the ani...

........................................................................................................................................................xviii Chapter 1: General Introduction.............................................................................1 1.1 Multiple Sclerosis..............................................................................................................

Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is required for inflammatory Th17 cell function in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and IL-23 blockade reduces the number of effector Th17 cells in the CNS. We report that pro-inflammatory Th17 cells express high integrin β3 that is IL-23 dependent. Integrin β3 was not upregulated on all activated T cells; rather, integrin β3 was upregulated along with its...

A non-invasive view of the brain with the aid of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is invaluable for studying pathological processes during autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Several MRI technologies are available that can be employed to study inflammation within the brain. These include labeling of inflammatory cells with paramagnetic contrast agents (such as USPIO/SPIO/VSOP iron-oxide or perfluoro ...

Abstract Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is a critical regulator inflammation in autoimmunity by acting as messenger for pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-12 IL-23. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model multiple sclerosis, germ-line deletion STAT4 mice results resistance to the development paralysis. Here, we examined cell-specific ...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have previously been shown to play critical roles in the activation of innate immunity. Here, we describe that T cell expression of TLR2 regulates T helper 17 (Th17) cell responses. Stimulation with TLR2 agonists promoted Th17 differentiation in vitro and led to more robust proliferation and Th17 cytokine production. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis...

Histamine receptor H1 (H1R) is a susceptibility gene in both experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO), 2 classical T cell-mediated models of organ-specific autoimmune disease. Here we showed that expression of H1R in naive CD4+ T cells was required for maximal IFN-gamma production but was dispensable for proliferation. Moreover, H1R signaling at...

introduction: multiple sclerosis (ms) has been recognized as a common neurodegenerative disease that occurs after an auto reactive t cells against myelin antigens.  demyelination and inflammation are the main features of this disease. the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective roles of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bm-mscs) have been considered as a suitable treatment against autoi...