BACKGROUND Sensorimotor and orbital anatomical mechanisms have been invoked to explain primary oblique muscle overaction. METHODS Review of primitive visuo-vestibular reflexes and neuroanatomical pathways corresponding to vestibulo-ocular reflexes, and correlation with known clinical abnormalities in patients with primary oblique muscle overaction. RESULTS Bilateral superior oblique muscle ...

purpose: to report a case of partial agenesis of the inferior rectus muscle in a child who was presented because of ocular misalignment and a deficient depression of the right eye. patient and findings: the patient was a 4-year-old girl. preoperative ct scans confirmed the clinical diagnosis of inferior rectus agenesis. the patient underwent augmented transposition of horizontal recti muscles w...

In previous studies, we have documented new growth of extraocular muscle fibers within axon-depleted motor neurons of denervated muscle. This study was designed to quantitate the regenerative growth of extraocular muscle within autologous peripheral sensory nerve transplants and to determine whether acutely denervated extraocular muscle affects this growth. Fifteen anesthetized beagles were sub...

INTRODUCTION Injury is a known cause of monocular blindness. Ocular trauma may affect lacrimal canaliculi and the extraocular muscle. We report this case as it includes injury to lid, lacrimal canaliculi and inferior rectus. CASE DESCRIPTION A 25-year-old male presented with an injury caused by a sharp object that resulted in a conjunctival tear, lid tear involving the lacrimal canal, and rup...

2. Which statement concerning the rectus extraocular muscle pulleys is correct? a. The rectus pulleys are composed of rings of cartilage. b. The rectus pulleys are rigidly attached to the walls of the orbit. c. Each rectus pulley receives an insertion from the global layer fibers of its rectus extraocular muscle. d. The global layer fibers of the extraocular muscles do not insert on the pulleys...

Myasthenia gravis is typically a disease of young people in active employment who need a field of binocular single vision. Although it is systemically controllable with a good chance of spontaneous remission, persistent loss of binocularity may cause chronic disability. We report our experience of extraocular muscle surgery in five patients with stable myasthenia gravis and persistent double vi...

spasticity is one of the common complications in upper motor neuron lesions and without appropriate treatment it causes disturbances in movement pattern. assessments of patients are effective in patient`s management. modified ashworth scale (mas) is one of the criteria in qualitative assessment of spasticity, and there are lots of controversies about its validity. the purpose of this study is t...

Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles is an autosomal dominant congenital disorder characterized by bilateral ptosis, restrictive external ophthalmoplegia with the eyes partially or completely fixed in an infraducted (downward) and strabismic position, and markedly limited and aberrant residual eye movements. It has been generally thought that these clinical abnormalities result from m...

The extraocular muscles of dystrophic mouse strain Re-129 dy/dy were studied in combined phase and electron microscopy. Changes in fiber morphology were found which are similar to those described in dystrophic human and mouse peripheral musculature, i.e., changes in fiber diameter, alteratiotxs in the cellular organelles, including mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, nuclei, sarcolemma, and l...