Trauma-related disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are remarkably common and debilitating, and are often characterized by dysregulated threat responses. Across numerous epidemiological studies, females have been found to have an approximately twofold increased risk for PTSD and other stress-related disorders. Understanding the biological mechanisms of this differential risk ...

objective: social phobia is considered as one of the most common anxiety disorders. the researchers have been looking for the basic mechanism behind it, since determining these factors can be influential in prevention and treatment. in recent years, some of the most important personality and cognitive correlates of social phobia including neuroticism, fear of negative evaluation, anxiety sensit...

In the course of clinical and forensic work, psychologists sometimes discover serious weaknesses in knowledge, performance, or ethics in other psychologists' work. The ethical code of the American Psychological Association mandates confronting such a psychologist prior to making a professional complaint. This mandatory confrontation typically is omitted because of a sense of awkwardness or a fe...

background: despite the negative effect of fear of falling during functioning and social participation of patients with parkinson' disease, so far, only few studies have investigated its effect on the quality of life in these patients. we aimed to investigate the association between fear of falling and quality of life controlling for balance impairments based on hip and ankle strategy in d...

Fear in the human brain Garfinkel & Critchley 2 1.0 Abstract Fear anticipates a challenge to one's wellbeing and is a reaction to the risk of harm. The expression of fear in the individual is a constellation of physiological, behavioral, cognitive and experiential responses. Fear indicates risk, and will guide adaptive behavior, yet fear is also fundamental to the symptomatology of most psychia...

Background and aim: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with multiple complications. Skin tag is a pedunculated papule, which is more common in women and has been suggested as a cutaneous marker of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of diabetes mellitus in patients with skin tags.Materials and methods: This descriptive study was...

introduction: one of the hallmark symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd) is the impaired extinction of traumatic memory. single prolonged stress (sps) has been suggested as an animal model of ptsd, since sps rats exhibited the impaired fear extinction. oxytocin (oxt) has been recently suggested as a potential pharmacotherapy for treatment of ptsd. in this study, using sps rats we inve...

introduction: effective perception of fear signals is crucial for organism survival. when threated, the organism indicates defensive behaviors. methods: elevated plus–maze has high efficiency for measurement of fear behavior and is widly used for fear behavior determination. increase in two parameters percent of openarm entries (%oae) and percent of time spent in the open-arm (%oat) in the elev...