This paper draws on deterrence theory to analyze the challenges that the United States faces in deterring cyber attacks. We begin by briefly reviewing the basic logic of deterrence theory and relating it to the challenge posed by cyber attacks. The following section explores what is commonly viewed as the key problem in deterring cyber attacks—the “attribution problem” arises when a state canno...

background: medicinal plant extracts such as those obtained from salvia species have a wide variety of chemical compounds in their essential oils. the repellency of a number of essential oils including those from the labiates like salvia against several insect species including the common house flies is reported. objective: the aim of this investigation was to find out the excito-repellency eff...

BACKGROUND Combining various aspects of child feeding into an age-specific summary index provides a first answer to the question of how best to deal with recommended feeding practices in the context of HIV pandemic. The objective of this study is to assess feeding practices of HIV exposed infants using summary index and its association with nutritional status in Southern Ethiopia. METHODS Fac...

Differentiating empirically between deterrence and incapacitation is difficult since both are a function of expected punishment. In this article we demonstrate that the introduction of sentence enhancements provides a direct means of measuring deterrence. Because the criminal would have been sentenced to prison even without the law change, there is no additional incapacitation effect from the s...

Nuclear deterrence is sometimes treated as a known quantity*a definite thing that keeps us safe and ensures our security. It has also often been used as a justification for possessing nuclear weapons. Nuclear deterrence, however, is based on an unexamined notion: the belief that the threat to destroy cities provides decisive leverage. An examination of history (including recent reinterpretation...