BackgroundAlthough over the last decade smoking rates have decreased, hookahs seem to have proved increasingly popular in some eastern countries. It has been demonstrated that smoking increases the plasma fibrinogen level, which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Our objective was to investigate the extent to which hookah smokers in comparison with cigarette smokers and n...

INTRODUCTION Smoking tobacco by hookah may seriously affect the health of smokers and those exposed to smoke. This study aimed to compare the effect of educational digital media versus pamphlets on the reduction of hookah use among male high school students in Zahedan, Iran. METHODS A semi-experimental study was conducted on 200 male high school students of Zahedan using multi-stage random sa...

Introduction Since their introduction to the US market in 2007, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have posed considerable challenges to both public health authorities and government regulators, especially given the debate – in both the scientific world and the community at large – regarding the potential advantages (e.g. helping individuals quit smoking) and disadvantages (e.g. renormalizing...

INTRODUCTION Pulmonary function is compromised in most smokers. Yet it is unknown whether exercise training improves pulmonary function and aerobic capacity in cigarette and hookah smokers and whether these smokers respond in a similar way as do non-smokers. AIM To evaluate the effects of an interval exercise training program on pulmonary function and aerobic capacity in cigarette and hookah ...

Abstract Background The use of the hookah-smoking device is increasing at a large scale in Eastern Mediterranean region. Hookah users are exposed to an array chemical compounds and may suffer several chronic diseases as result. purpose this study was determine prevalence hookah among male high school students region different associated factors order provide local tobacco control officials with...

BACKGROUND Despite significant declines in youth cigarette smoking, overall tobacco usage remains over 20% as non-cigarette tobacco product usage is increasingly common and polytobacco use (using 1+ tobacco product) remains steady. OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to identify patterns of youth tobacco use and examine associations with sociodemographic characteristics and tobacco depe...

BACKGROUND Substance abuse is one of the main health problems in Iran andawareness about its spread and procedure of spread in the society,particularly the susceptible society of students, is very important withregard to the population pyramid of Iran. METHODS This study was performed by cross-sectional method. The sampling sizewas 610 male students in pre-university grade by a probabilistic ...