of mouse lumbar spinal cord taken 7 d after partial sciatic nerve ligation. The section is stained for microglial markers Iba1 (red) and phosphorylated p-38 MAPK (green), as well as the nuclear marker DAPI (blue). The orphan G-protein receptor 84 (GPR84) is markedly induced in macrophages and microglia during inflammation, and it contributes to the development of mechanical and thermal hypersen...

Background Trastuzumap (Trz) is effectively used for breast cancer patients to improve health status and reduce mortality rate. Nevertheless, several studies reported its adverse effect on brain toxicity. To date, the mechanisms of Trz-induced toxicity are not fully understood. Metformin a generic prescribed drug type 2 diabetes mellitus, while in past decade it also attenuating effects chemoth...

Purpose: To investigate the effect of fractionated whole-brain γ-irradiation at a cumulative dose 20 Gy on cognitive functions, state brain glial cells and expression multiple cytokines in mice 2 months after exposure. Material methods: Male C57Bl/6 were exposed to head with 5 doses 4 Gy. Two irradiation behavior functions animals assessed. After isolation from brains content resting activated ...

Background Under basal non-stressed brain conditions, a control system that includes an inherent molecular clock activation, immunomodulatory role of glucocorticoids and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling is essential to prevent excessive inflammation effectively return homeostasis. This results in continuous competition between feedback feedforward control. Chronic stress dysregulated ar...

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is followed by an instant increase in expression of the microglial-derived proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) within the lesioned cord. TNF exists both as membrane-anchored TNF (mTNF) and as cleaved soluble TNF (solTNF). We previously demonstrated that epidural administration of a dominant-negative inhibitor of solTNF, XPro1595, to the contus...

Recent genetic studies suggest a central role for innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, wherein microglia orchestrate neuroinflammation. Kv1.3, a voltage-gated potassium channel of therapeutic relevance in autoimmunity, is upregulated by activated microglia and mediates amyloid-mediated microglial priming and reactive oxygen species production in vitro. We hypothesized that ...

Ionizing irradiation is a well‑established therapeutic modality for malignant gliomas. Due to its high cellular uptake, 5‑aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is used for fluorescence‑guided resection of malignant gliomas. We have previously shown that 5‑ALA sensitizes glioma cells to irradiation in vitro. The aim of the present study was to assess whether 5‑ALA acts as a radiosensitizer in experimental g...

Microglia are believed to be the only resident immune cells in the CNS, originating from hematopoietic-derived myeloid cells and invading the CNS during development. However, the detailed mechanisms of differentiation and transformation of microglial cells are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that murine microglial cells show two morphological forms in vitro, namely, small round cells...

Microglia and astrocytes contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology and may mediate early neuroinflammatory responses. Despite their possible role in disease progression and despite the fact that they can respond to amyloid deposition in model systems, little is known about whether astro- or microglia can undergo proliferation in AD and whether this is related to the clinical symptoms or t...