Four patients are described in whom a follicular carcinoma developed following thyroidectomy for a benign follicular neoplasm. It is possible that the initial thyroid neoplasm was a well- differentiated follicular carcinoma which was microscopically indistinguishable from a benign adenoma. Realizing this pathologic pitfall in thyroid diagnosis, the need for meticulous examination of the pa...

Definition 1. Let {Xn}, {Yn} be sequences of distributions withXn, Yn ranging over {0, 1}`(n) for some `(n) = nO(1). {Xn} and {Yn} are computationally indistinguishable (notation: Xn ≈ Yn) if for every polynomial-time A and polynomially-bounded , and sufficiently large n ∣∣Pr[A(Xn) = 1]− Pr[A(Yn) = 1]∣∣ ≤ (n) (If we want to nitpick, we’d give 1n as additional input to A to ensure it can run in ...