Abstract I study how supplier contracting frictions shape the patterns of intermediate input use and quantify impact these distortions on aggregate productivity. Using frequency litigation between US firms as a novel measure to capture need for formal enforcement, find robust relationship countries' input-output structure their quality legal institutions. In countries with high enforcement cost...

introduction: the increasing global consensus built on empirical evidence, expresses that the world, is facing a threat from climate change. as a result, this can affect the agricultural sector through its productivity changes and so influence food security in the world. this can be more intuitive for countries that are dependent on agriculture. agriculture is an important sector in iran that p...

This paper has examined the major institutional changes in agricultural input markets and use of inputs across the farming community of the country in the previous decade. More specifically, it discusses the three aspects of inputs: (i) trend in major agricultural inputs use, (ii) their accessibility to small farmers, and (iii) institutional changes in the delivery of input and services. The st...

Transection of dorsal columns of the spinal cord in adult monkeys results in large-scale expansion of the face inputs into the deafferented hand region in the primary somatosensory cortex (area 3b) and the ventroposterior nucleus of thalamus. Here, we determined whether the upstream cortical areas, secondary somatosensory (S2) and parietal ventral (PV) areas, also undergo reorganization after l...

In Manduca sexta, the accessory planta retractor muscle (APRM), which retracts the larval proleg, is innervated by two excitatory motoneurons, the accessory planta retractor motoneurons (APRs). These muscles and motoneurons have been the focus of a number of developmental and behavioral studies. The present study investigated properties of the pair of APRs that innervate each APRM and determine...

Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) usually come with restrictions on the use of intermediate inputs in order for final goods to qualify for free trade. I focus on Rules of Origin (RoO), which limit expenses on nonmember country’s intermediate inputs. In a three-country FTA formation game, I introduce international trade in intermediate inputs and RoO restrictions. In the case of symmetric countries, ...

Multipartite nonlocality in a network is conceptually different from standard multipartite Bell nonlocality. In recent times, has been studied for various topologies. We consider linear-chain topology of the and demonstrate quantum (the non-$n$-locality). Such scenario involves $n$ number independent sources $n+1$ parties, two edge parties (Alice Charlie), $n-1$ central (Bobs). It commonly assu...