About 2.5 million individuals worldwide are currently being affected by MS [1]. In Europe, mean annual cost per person with MS is estimated to be around €27,000 [2]. In the European Union, the estimated costs of MS are calculated to be at €9 billion per year [3]. In a survey among patients receiving Disease Modifying Drugs (DMD) in the United States in 2004, total average costs per patient were...

Aircraft repeatedly prove that birds and aircraft cannot occupy the same airspace at the same time. In an average year about 3000 birdstrikes cause 50-80 million US dollars in damage to USAF aircraft. To the worldwide aviation fleet this problem is estimated to cost more than three billion US dollars per year. Factors for consideration in establishing birdstrike resistance requirements, and in ...

OBJECTIVE To map and measure the flows of financial resources for health research and development in Brazil for the years 2000-2002. METHODS After adapting the methodology developed for the Center for Economic Policy Research, data were collected on the sources and uses of resources for health research and development. RESULTS The annual average value of resources apportioned to health rese...

BACKGROUND Few assessments of the costs and benefits of reducing acute cardiorespiratory morbidity related to air pollution have employed a comprehensive, explicit approach to capturing the full societal value of reduced morbidity. METHODS We used empirical data on the duration and severity of episodes of cardiorespiratory disease as inputs to complementary models of cost of treatment, lost p...

OBJECTIVES Dizziness and vertigo account for roughly 4% of chief symptoms in the emergency department (ED). Little is known about the aggregate costs of ED evaluations for these patients. The authors sought to estimate the annual national costs associated with ED visits for dizziness. METHODS This cost study of adult U.S. ED visits presenting with dizziness or vertigo combined public-use ED v...

the increasing use of styrene, for the production of thermoplastics and rubbers, has given a special importance to this vital materialin petrochemical industries. more than 95 per cent of styrene production in the world is by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. present styrene production units are basically designed on the basis of 1940s units. producing countries and related research centres have...