the purpose of this research was to study participative management and resistance to change dimensions as well as to survey their relationship in physical education organization and physical education department of ministry of education. for this purpose, 126 experts of physical education organization and 38 experts of physical education department of ministry of education were selected. data w...

Background Healthy urban environments require careful planning and a testing of environmental quality that goes beyond statutory requirements. Moreover, it requires the inclusion of resident views, perceptions and experiences that help deepen the understanding of local (public health) problems. To facilitate this, neighbourhoods should be mapped in a way that is relevant to them. One way to do ...

Although user participation has been studied over four decades, the effectiveness users’ participative activities has not been well assessed. This research proposes knowledge participation as an assessment of the effectiveness of participative activities performed by users. By capturing the effectiveness of users’ participative activities, the construct of knowledge participation is argued to h...

his paper analyzes the legislative influence of upper houses in bicameral legislatures. We note the existence of two separate analytical traditions, one focusing on upper house expertise, the other on upper house power. We hypothesize that because legislative analyses of unitary systems focus primarily on the "efficient" aspects of upper house input, they tend to emphasize senatorial expertise....