background: cryptosporidium is an intestinal protozean parasite causing water­borne and foodborne outbreaks of diarrheal diseases. the present study was per­formed in order to find prevalence and subtypes of cryptosporidium among children with diarrhea in gonbad kavoos city, northern iran. methods: diarrheic samples were collected from 547 children. the initial parasitologi­cal diagnosis was ma...

Shiga toxins are the main virulence factors of a group of Escherichia coli strains [Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)] that cause severe human diseases, such as haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. The Shiga toxin family comprises several toxin subtypes, which have been differentially related to clinical manifestations. In addition, the phages that carry the Shiga toxin gene...

The venoms of Buthidae scorpions are known to contain basic, single-chain protein -toxins consisting of 60-70 amino acid residues that are tightly cross-linked by four disulfide bridges. Total RNA was extracted from the venom glands of scorpion Mesobuthus eupeus collected from the Khuzestan province of Iran and then cDNA was synthesized with the modified oligo (dT) primer and extracted total R...

Cnidaria is a rich phylum that includes thousands of marine species. In this study, we focused on Anthozoa and Hydrozoa that are represented by the Nematostella vectensis (Sea anemone) and Hydra magnipapillata genomes. We present a method for ranking the toxin-like candidates from complete proteomes of Cnidaria. Toxin-like functions were revealed using ClanTox, a statistical machine-learning ...

PURPOSE Gene expression analysis identifies several breast cancer subtypes. We examined the relationship of neoadjuvant chemotherapy response to outcome among these breast cancer subtypes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used immunohistochemical profiles [human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+)/hormone receptor-negative for HER2+/estrogen receptor-negative (ER-), hormone receptor and...

Differentiated villus intestinal epithelial cells express globotriaosylceramide, the Shiga-like toxin 1 (SLT-1) receptor, and are sensitive to toxin-mediated cytotoxicity, whereas undifferentiated crypt cells neither express Gb3 nor respond to toxin. To investigate if SLT-1 receptors are maturationally regulated in human intestinal cells, we examined the effect of butyrate, a known transcriptio...