background and objectives: shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) have emerged as human pathogens and con- tamination via animal origin has been a major public health concern. we compared the distribution of phylogenetic groups and prevalence of stx gene variants among the pathogenic strains of escherichia coli isolated from feces of diarrheatic calves in tehran suburb farms. materials a...

the culture results of 203 cases with different wounds were studies 150 of the latter were burn cases (mainly second and third degree burns), and 53 were of other types (surgical, traumatic, ect). four subtypes of bacillus cereus were isolated upon culture, and the different toxins produced in dht broth with 0.1% glucose were assessed. the lethal toxin was injected intravenously to syrian rats,...

Malaria toxin causes hypoglycemia and induction of tumor necrosis factor. Extracts of parasitized erythrocytes which were coeluted and copurified with one of the two subtypes of mammalian insulin-mimetic inositolphosphoglycans similarly induced fibroblast proliferation in the absence of serum. In addition, induction of tumor necrosis factor in macrophages by malaria toxin and by lipopolysacchar...

Fecal samples (n = 531) submitted to a regional clinical laboratory during a 6-month period were tested for the presence of Shiga toxin using both a Vero cell cytotoxicity assay and the Shiga Toxin Quik Chek test (STQC), a rapid membrane immunoassay. Testing the samples directly (without culture), 9 positives were identified by the Vero cell assay, all of which were also detected by the STQC. T...

Chronic migraine is an important cause of functional disability and quality life deficits, affecting 12% the world population. Therefore, more treatment alternatives that promote better pain control are needed. So, botulinum toxin type A presents itself as a therapeutic option for this purpose. This integrative review aimed to analyze functionality PREEMPT protocol applied chronic migraine, ana...

BACKGROUND Clostridium botulinum and related clostridial species express extremely potent neurotoxins known as botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) that cause long-lasting, potentially fatal intoxications in humans and other mammals. The amino acid variation within the BoNT is used to categorize the species into seven immunologically distinct BoNT serotypes (A-G) which are further divided into subtype...

Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important foodborne pathogens responsible for human illnesses. Cattle are a major reservoir that harbor the organism in the hindgut and shed in the feces. Shiga toxins (Stx) are the primary virulence factors associated with STEC illnesses. The two antigenically distinct Stx types, Stx1 and Stx2, encoded by stx1 and stx2 genes, share approximatel...

Regulation of myelination by oligodendrocytes in the CNS has important consequences for higher-order nervous system function (e.g., [1-4]), and there is growing consensus that neuronal activity regulates CNS myelination (e.g., [5-9]) through local axon-oligodendrocyte synaptic-vesicle-release-mediated signaling [10-12]. Recent analyses have indicated that myelination along axons of distinct neu...