Liver failure is a clinical syndrome of various etiologies, manifesting as jaundice, encephalopathy, coagulopathy and circulatory dysfunction, which result in subsequent multiorgan failure. Clinically, liver failure is classified into four categories: acute, subacute, acute-on-chronic and chronic liver failure. Massive hepatocyte death is considered to be the core event in the development of li...

Acute liver failure (ALF) (sometimes referred to as fulminant hepatic failure) is a clinical syndrome from a variety of causes resulting from rapid loss in hepatocyte function, typically associated with coagulopathy and encephalopathy in a patient without preexisting liver disease or cirrhosis. Cerebral edema is a cardinal feature and may produce uncal herniation, yielding brain stem compressio...

A substantial number of patients with liver failure are admitted to the intensive care unit; thus a thorough understanding of the prevention and treatment of complications in such patients is imperative. The management of liver failure is demanding and often involves the combined efforts of many specialists. Critically ill patients with hepatic failure encompass a broad spectrum of disease, ran...

In summary, the following principles are worth reiterating: 1. In the treatment of acute liver failure, protection of the native liver in anticipation that it will recover, but positioning of the allograft in a manner that optimizes its function for both the short and long term (in the event that the native liver does not recover) are important goals. Therefore, orthotopic positioning offers ad...

Alcohol-related steatohepatitis is associated with increased oxidative stress, DNA damage, lipotoxicity, and insulin resistance in liver. As inflammation and oxidative stress can promote insulin resistance, effective treatment with antioxidants, for example, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), may restore ethanol-impaired insulin signaling in the liver. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 130 days ...

Acute liver failure (ALF) is defined by the presence of coagulopathy (International Normalized Ratio ≥ 1.5) and hepatic encephalopathy due to severe liver damage in patients without pre-existing liver disease. Although the mortality due to ALF without liver transplantation is over 80%, the survival rates of patients have considerably improved with the advent of liver transplantation, up to 60% ...

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a progressive life-threatening condition characterized by hepatic dysfunction with coagulopathy and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) that evolves over a few days or weeks. Besides development of HE, ALF results in development of multi-organ failure (MOF), and is still associated with a ~40% mortality risk depending on the etiology and severity of liver injury. The progno...

Quantitative EEG changes associated with loss and return of consciousness in healthy adult volunteers anaesthetized with propofol or sevoflorane. Validating the sedation-agitation scale with the bispectral index and visual analog scale in adult ICU patients after cardiac surgery. In vivo quantification of liver dialysis: comparison of albumin dialysis and fractionated plasma separation. Brain e...