The problems of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB), extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB, and even ‘‘totally drug-resistant’’ TB (a term that is still debated), have exposed two important clinical issues [1, 2]. The first issue involves figuring out a way to prevent these difficult-to-treat diseases. The second issue is treating patients with drug-resistant TB [3]. In the meantime even ...

The use of dilutions differing by small arithmetic increments was studied as a means for improving the definition and measurement of minimum inhibitory concentrations and precision parameters for testing Pseudomonas aeruginosa versus the aminoglycosides by the broth microdilution test. For five strains of P. aeruginosa versus gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin, comparisons were made of minimu...

Background and Aim: In recent years, due to the indiscriminate and irrational use of synthetic drugs, the resistance of pathogenic microorganisms has increased; therefore, new compounds are vitally needed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Berberis vulgaris on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteu...

background: the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of virulence determinants and vancomycin- resistant genes among enterococcus faecalis and e. faecium obtained from various clinical sources. methods: the study was performed on the 280 enterococcal isolated from clinical specimens in hamadan hospitals, western iran in 2012-14. antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using...