Objective(s) It is well known that prenatal stresses (PS) induce a variety of neurobiological and behavioral alterations, some of them involving the hippocampal formation. This study aimed to determine whether restraint stress influences the neuronal volume and number of granule cells in the hippocampus of adult rat offspring. Materials and Methods Ten Wistar pregnant rats were randomly divi...

Introduction: It is believed that Locus Coeruleus (LC) influences the sensory information processing. However, its role in cortical surround inhibitory mechanism is not understood. In this experiment, using controlled mechanical displacement of whiskers we investigated the effect of phasic electrical stimulation of LC on response of layer V barrel cortical neurons in anesthetized rat. Methods: ...

Objective(s): Nuclear receptor-related protein 1 (Nurr1), one of immediate-early genes, is a member of orphan nuclear receptor family. The aim of this study was to investigate the time-dependent change of Nurr1 protein expression in the mouse hippocampal CA3 region following kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxic neuronal damage.Materials and Methods:</...

Background: Axotomy causes sensory neuronal loss. Reconnection of proximal and distal nerve ends by surgical repair improves neuronal survival. It is important to know the morphology of primary sensory neurons after the surgical repair of their peripheral processes. Methods: Animals (male Wistar rats) were exposed to models of sciatic nerve transection, direct epineurial suture repair of sciati...

Neuronal migration and axon growth guidance require precise control of microtubule dynamics microtubule-based cargo transport. TUBB3 encodes the neuronal-specific β-tubulin isotype III, TUBB3, a component neuronal microtubules expressed throughout life central peripheral neurons. Human pathogenic missense variants result in altered function cause errors either cranial and, to lesser extent, axo...

Neuronal brain activity is assumed to be reflected by blood level oxygenation levels, also known as BOLD signal, measured with fMRI. A scan of the literature points both oxygen and carbon dioxide levels effects on The roles (O2 ; hypoxia/hypoxemia, hyperoxia) (CO2 hypocapnia, hypercapnia) in neuronal signal are complex still under investigation [1,2]. Inspiration while varying O2 CO2 air have b...

Biological organisms learn from interactions with their environment throughout lifetime. For artificial systems to successfully act and adapt in the real world, it is desirable similarly be able on a continual basis. This challenge known as lifelong learning, remains large extent unsolved. In this Perspective article, we identify set of key capabilities that will need achieve learning. We descr...

drug resistance enables cancer cells to break away from cytotoxic effect of anticancer drugs. identification of resistant phenotype is very important because it can lead to effective treatment plan. there is an interest in developing classifying models of resistance phenotype based on the multivariate data. we have investigated a vibrational spectroscopic approach in order to characterize a sen...

background: spinal muscular atrophy (sma) is the second most common lethal autosomal recessive disease. it is a neuromuscular disorder caused by degenerative of lower motor neurons and occasionally bulbar neurons leading to progressive limb paralysis and muscular atrophy. the smn1 gene is recognized as a sma causing gene while naip has been characterized as a modifying factor for the clinical s...