Closed CCS (CCCS) is a CCS-like algebra of processes with a generalized form of prefixing based on a full-fledged algebra of transitions rather than on basic actions only. The basic idea is that the generalized prefixing operator takes a transition t, or rather its observation w, a process E and yields the process t.E. From an operational standpoint, the process t.E may evolve to E by performin...

We show how to resum the Furry-picture $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ expansion in order take quantum radiation reaction and spin transition into account nonlinear trident process (pulsed) plane-wave background fields. The results are therefore nontrivial functions of both field strength, $eE$, coupling quantized photon field, $\ensuremath{\alpha}={e}^{2}/4\ensuremath{\pi}$. effective parameter, $T$, is...

Electrophilic ring opening of spiro-cyclopropanecarboxylated sugars followed by reaction with DBU revealed interesting ring-contraction and ring-expansion reactions depending on the substrate and the kind of hydroxyl protective group present adjacent to the spiro center. A stereoselective method for accessing a new class of carbon chain extended keto-furanoses and C-glycosylated bicyclic compou...

the current paper focuses on some analytical techniques to solve the non-linear duffing oscillator with large nonlinearity. four different methods have been applied for solution of the equation of motion; the variational iteration method, he’s parameter expanding method, parameterized perturbation method, and the homotopy perturbation method. the results reveal that approximation obtained by th...

In this paper, dependent and independent variable transformations are introduced to solve a generalized sinh–Gordon equation by using the binary F-expansion method and the knowledge of elliptic equation and Jacobian elliptic functions. Many different new exact solutions such as double periodic wave and complex wave solutions are obtained. Some previous results are extended. 2013 Elsevier Inc. A...

The nonlinear equations of mathematical physics are major subjects in physical science [1]. Recently many new approaches for finding the exact solutions to nonlinear wave equations have been proposed, for example, tanh-sech method [2–4], extended tanh method [5–7], sine-cosine method [8–10], homogeneous balance method [11, 12], Jacobi elliptic function method [13–16], F -expansion method [17–19...

Innovative product usually refers to product that comprises of creativity and new ideas. In the development of such a new product, there is often a lack of historical knowledge and data available to be used to perform cost estimation accurately. This is due to the fact that traditional cost estimation methods are used to predict costs only after a product model has been built, and not at an ear...