West Nile virus spread rapidly from east to west across North America, despite the north-south migratory flyways of its avian hosts. In this issue, Venkatesan & Rasgon (2010) present new data on the population genetics of Culex tarsalis, the dominant West Nile virus vector in the Western United States, suggesting that patterns of mosquito gene flow may better reflect the virus's expansion from ...

seismic refraction and downhole survey were employed to study dynamic characteristics of subsurface materials in bam city, southeast of iran. the data acquisition was performed at 160 p and s-wave refraction stations and 15 boreholes in the city. to derive velocity depth sections along these profiles as well as to perform downhole diagrams, seisimager software was used. based on the obtained va...

The objective of this work was to evaluate the variations environmental factors under canopy papaya planted in a north-south and east-west orientation. Two areas were studied, one oriented other east-west, both with spacing 3.20 mx 2.40 m, April 2015. distances from line (levels shading) place full sun, where it evaluated, North-South direction: planting line, at 40 cm west side, east side sun;...

Recently we investigated the heavy metal hazards of Nigerian smokeless tobacco products 'STP'. Since 'STPs' are advocated as safer alternatives to cigarets, the public health implication should be ascertained. This is a risk assessment of poly aromatic hydrocarbons 'PAHs' in 'STPs' used in Nigeria. Thirty 'STPs' from different parts (South East, South West, Niger Delta and North Central) of Nig...

extended abstract 1. introduction temperature leaves undeniable effects on human activities and natural processes. the analysis of average maximum temperature and the highest temperatures related to the heat wave phenomenon is of great importance. the most important goals of this study include the investigation of the geographical distribution of the maximum average temperatures and extreme tem...

following the application of simple serological tests for the diagnosis of coeliac disease (cd) in the 1980s, it gradually became clear that the prevalence of cd in different countries in the middle east, north africa and india is almost the same as that in western countries. the prevalence of cd in at-risk populations in these regions is reported to range between 3 and 20% and the prevalence i...

Among the main ethnic groups discussed in the survey are: (1) Dagbani Nanuni and Moore–Gurma of Northern Region; (2) Dagaare – WaliBirifor of Upper West Region; and (3) "Frafra" – Nankani, Talni, Bulsa, Nabit, Kusaal, and Grusi of Upper East Region. Northern Ghana comprises the three northernmost administrative regions of Ghana: the Upper West Region, Upper East Region and Nor...