The vaccine Bacillus of Calmette Guérin (BCG) was originally developed in France as an oral vaccine against tuberculosis. The oral use of this vaccine was replaced by the parenteral route in almost all countries after the Lubeck disaster. In contrast, Brazil retained the oral delivery of the vaccine until the mid-seventies when it was replaced by the intradermal route. This change in route of d...

Oral delivery of drugs is by far the most preferable route of drug delivery . Oral-rate controlled drug delivery systems have an important area among novel drug delivery system. But these oral sustained release drug delivery systems suffer greatly due to their short gastric residence time/ gastric emptying time. Whereas prolonged gastric residence increases duration of drug release, reduces dru...

Background: Threatened preterm labor (TPL) is the leading cause of hospitalization during pregnancy. Tocolytic agents are the primary therapeutic options for TPL. The aim of this study is to compare intramuscular progesterone with oral nifedipine as a tocolytic agent. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was carried out in a teaching hospital (Shahid Akbarabadi) in Tehran, Iran, from De...

Insulin therapy has been the best choice for the clinical management of diabetes mellitus. The current insulin therapy is via subcutaneous injection, which often fails to mimic the glucose homeostasis that occurs in normal individuals. Oral delivery is the most convenient administration route. However, insulin cannot be well absorbed orally because of its rapid enzymatic degradation in the gast...

Oral administration is the most convenient route among various routes of drug delivery as it offers high patient compliance. However, the poor aqueous solubility and poor enzymatic/metabolic stability of drugs are major limitations in successful oral drug delivery. There are several approaches to improve problems related to hydrophobic drugs. Among various approaches, nanotechnology based drug ...

Oral delivery of proteins is still a challenge in the pharmaceutical field. Nanoparticles are among the most promising carrier systems for the oral delivery of proteins by increasing their oral bioavailability. However, most of the existent data regarding nanosystems for oral protein delivery is from in vitro studies, lacking in vivo experiments to evaluate the efficacy of these systems. Herein...

BACKGROUND Feedback delivery is deemed as a key element during a students' clinical education. It keeps students on track to meet their goal and increase students' motivation and confidence. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the quality of feedback delivery in oral versus written feedback delivery to nursing students in clinical education. METHODS A randomized controlled trial ...

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the components of oral health care system in some developed countries and propose a model for Iran   Methods: The present study was a qualitative, cross-sectional, and comparative research that took place in 2012. Oral health care systems in some developed countries were reviewed to propose a framework for Iran. This framework was discussed and revie...