background and aims: pain diagnosis is a frustrating effort especially due to the barriers in communication with patients in low level of consciousness therefore this study ,aimed at the evaluation of  utilizing bps by nurses for patients who are unable to express their pain because of their low level of consciousness, has been designed. materials and methods: this research is a semi-empirical ...

Renal lymphangiectasia is a rare renal condition. We present a case of bilateral renal lymphangiectasia in a 52-year-old man who presented with bilateral flank pain and gross hematuria. The clinical features, diagnosis and characteristic imaging findings are reviewed. This condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic renal masses in both children and adults.

We will describe the differential diagnosis of primary and secondary facial pains and present illustrative case studies. The diagnosis of facial pain needs a multidisciplinary approach if the clinical presentation is not pathognomic. While patients with acute facial pain urgently need treatment, those with chronic facial pain need at priority a correct diagnosis.

Mental disorders with pain as a leading symptom are remnat diagnostic categories for physicians and psychotherapist, even if they are educated in pain treatment. Patients with somatoform pain disorder (ICD-10: F45.4) are often diagnosed only after several years and multiple diagnostic procedures, in some cases after iatrogenic impairment. The clinical practical features, diagnostic procedure an...