Partial order reduction (POR) is a classic technique for dealing with the state explosion problem in model checking of concurrent programs. Theoretical optimality, i.e., avoiding enumerating equivalent interleavings, does not necessarily guarantee optimal overall performance algorithm. The computational overhead required to optimality may by far cancel out any benefits that an algorithm have fr...

Introduction. Turbulence in the field of public finance on both national and global scale testifies to existence unresolved problems reconciling scientific postulates behind transformation development institution state. Crisis early twentieth century pandemic 2019-2020 have revealed ineffectiveness liberal models statehood, thus heightening urgency reinforcing efforts directed at studying fixin...

The present study aims to investigate the relative effectiveness of different types of pragmatic instruction including two collaborative translation tasks and two structured input tasks with and without explicit pragmatic instruction on the production of apologetic utterances by low-intermediate EFL learners. One hundred and fifty university students in four experimental groups and one control ...

We will argue that this construction combines semantic and syntactic quirks that necessitate a constructional analysis. Further, we will show that specifying the pragmatic properties of the construction (and in particular the presuppositions that introduces) allows for a particularly elegant account of the construction’s distribution. This, in turn, provides further support for the sign-based v...