brain death is defined as the permanent, irreversible and concurrent loss of all brain and brain stem functions. brain death diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and it is not routine to use paraclinical studies. in some countries, electroencephalogram (eeg) is performed in all patients for the determination of brain death while there is some skepticism in relying on eeg as a confirmatory te...

Background: Soil and plant contamination in copper exposure causes chronic copper poisoning (CCP) in animals following the consumption of plants in these soils. Objectives: The present study was carried out on 10 clinically affected copper poisoned cases (in each season) from autumn 2015 to the end of summer 2016, in four seasons in Kerman province to evaluate the seasonal effects of CCP in she...

An experimental arrangement was constructed which is based on the open-loop femur—tibia control system of two stick insect species (Carausius morosus and Cuniculina impigra). It could be artificially closed in the following way: the position of the tibia was measured by an optical device and this value was used to drive a penmotor which moved the receptor apodeme of the femoral chordotonal orga...

Recent interest in using marine reserves for marine resource management and conservation has largely been driven by the hope that reserves might counteract declines in fish populations and protect the biodiversity of the seas. However, the creation of reserves has led to dissension from some interested groups, such as fishermen, who fear that reserves will do more harm than good. These perceive...

This study was performed to determine the relative contributions of plasma norepinephrine clearance and norepinephrine release to the increase in plasma norepinephrine concentration that occurs during exercise and to determine whether the high rates of cardiac norepinephrine release from the heart and kidney in patients with heart failure are associated with diminished reserve for regional symp...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) have multi-organ manifestations of microvascular disease, though cardiac manifestations have been poorly characterized in vivo. This study sought to characterize myocardial characteristics in adult patients with SCD. DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty-two consecutive outpatients and 11 age-matched controls underwent magnetic resonance i...

Recent progress suggests that integrative cardiac reserve is important in coronary artery disease, chronic heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and other cardiovascular diseases. Integrative cardiac reserve includes coronary flow reserve, myocardial reserve, energy reserve, and heart rate reserve. In the case of stress reaction, coronary flow reserve can provide excessive blood and energy supply and ...

The structure of the resistance vessels in patients with essential hypertension is altered, with reduction of the lumen diameter and increase in wall-to-lumen ratio without change in wall mass, known as eutrophic remodelling. The alteration appears to cause a reduction in the vascular reserve, in particular the coronary reserve (the ability to increase blood flow during hyperaemia). Successful ...