introduction promoting villages to towns is among the prominent characteristics of urbanization in few past decades and remains as a major challenge facing managers, policymakers and urban planners, particularly in developing countries. in iran, one of the growing impacts of rapid urbanization on the spatial structure of country is growing the number of urban centers via transformation villages...

We investigate the amount of speech and (co-speech) gestures addressed to infants at 1;1 years of age in rural and urban Mozambique, and correlate these amounts with vocabulary size measured at 1;5 and 2;1. We found that urban infants are exposed to more than three times as much speech and cospeech gestures than rural infants. The results show that the amounts of co-speech gestures and speech p...

PURPOSE Children's health is influenced by the context in which they live. We provide a descriptive essay on the status of children in rural America to highlight features of the rural environment that may affect health. DESCRIPTION We compiled information concerning components of the rural environment that may contribute to health outcomes. Areas addressed include the economic characteristics...

This paper provides some of the rst evidence that rural development policies can have fundamental e ects on the reallocation of labor between rural and urban areas. It studies the spillover e ects of the world's largest rural workfare program, India's rural employment guarantee. We nd that the workfare program has substantial consequences: it reduces short-term (or seasonal) migration to urban ...

For some time, individuals in multiple contexts have been moving from rural to urban areas for economic reasons. In recent years, however, young people in Japan have been increasingly turning to rural areas to embrace a slower, lesshectic lifestyle. Despite this interesting development, researchers have thus far failed to identify determinants of residents’ well-being in rural and urban areas i...