This article was written for a multi-volume History of Science, and published in Italian translation: Storia della Scienza, Volume IX, La Grande Scienza, pp 645–656 (Published by Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Fondata da Giovanni Treccani, 2003). In it, I describe the evolution of soft matter physics as a discipline during the 20th century. Soft Condensed Matter (Materia Condensata Soffi...

Timetabling the courses offered at the Computer Science Department of the University of Munich requires the processing of hard and soft constraints. Hard constraints are conditions that must be satisfied, soft constraints however may be violated, but should be satisfied as much as possible. This paper shows how to model our timetabling problem as a partial constraint satisfaction problem and gi...

1 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA 2 The University of Leicester, The Department of Physics and Astronomy, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK 3 University of Kansas, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, Kansas, 66045 4 University of Miami, Department of Physics, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA 5 LATMOS-IPSL/CNRS, 11 Boulevard d’Alembert, 7828...

our aim in this paper is to introduce the notion of fuzzy soft near-subtraction semigroupsand fuzzy soft ideals of near-subtraction semigroups. we discuss some important properties of these new fuzzy algebraic structure and investigate some examples and counter examples.

Studying mechanical deformation at the surface of soft materials has been challenging due to the difficulty in separating surface deformation from the bulk elasticity of the materials. Here, we introduce a new approach for studying the surface mechanical deformation of a soft material by utilizing a large number of self-propelled microprobes driven by motor proteins on the surface of the materi...

the concept of fuzzy soft γ-ring is introduced; and some properties of fuzzy soft γ-rings are given. then the definitions of fuzzy soft γ-ideals are proposed and some of their theories are considered.

1Department of Computer Science, Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems Research Group, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa 2Department of Mathematical Sciences (Computer Science Option), Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, PMB 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria 3College of Information and Communication Technology, Crescent University, Abeokuta,...